Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals (monosodium urate) in the joints. This condition leads to sudden and severe episodes of joint pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness, often affecting the joint at the base of the big toe (a condition known as podagra).
Causes
- Hyperuricemia: Persistently high levels of uric acid in the blood, which may result from reduced kidney excretion or increased production of uric acid.
- Dietary and lifestyle factors: Consuming purine-rich foods (e.g., red meat, seafood, and organ meats), sugary beverages, or alcohol can elevate uric acid levels. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are also significant risk factors.
- Genetics: Family history can play a role in susceptibility to gout.
Symptoms
- Intense joint pain that peaks within 12 hours.
- Swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected joint.
- Recurrent attacks, which may progress to chronic gout with joint damage if untreated.
- Possible complications include kidney stones and deposits of uric acid crystals under the skin (tophi).
Diagnosis
Gout is diagnosed by identifying urate crystals in joint fluid or deposits. Blood tests for uric acid levels are also used but may not always reflect an acute attack.
Treatment
- Acute attacks: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, or corticosteroids are used to reduce pain and inflammation.
- Long-term management: Lifestyle changes (e.g., dietary modifications) and medications like allopurinol or febuxostat to lower uric acid levels can prevent future attacks.
Prevention
A diet rich in low-fat dairy products, vitamin C, and proper hydration can help reduce the risk of gout. Avoiding purine-heavy foods and alcohol is also recommended.
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